The animals were tranquilized with an intramuscular injection of ketamine (15–20 mg/kg) and xylazine (2 mg/kg) and then put under gaseous anesthesia (NO (0.5 L/min)/O,Disc levels were identified under fluoroscopic guidance. Indeed, for both treatments, significant and gradual IVD narrowing as compared with untreated discs was observed (Figure,To further address whether the experimentally induced degeneration observed on MRI and radiological changes were correlated with tissue changes, we then performed histological analyses on histological stainings (HPS and BA-PAS) (Figures,Regarding HPS stainings, compared to the control condition at day 0 (Figure,The degenerative changes of the NP induced by enzyme and laser treatments were finally quantitatively assessed by measuring the NP surface from the HPS section (Figure,At the same time, Boos’ scoring allowed us to compile and quantitatively assess degenerative tissue changes (Figure,To clinically address LBP originating from IVD degeneration (discogenic lumbalgia), tissue engineers have sought to develop cell-based approaches to functionally “regenerate” the damaged tissue [,Spontaneous models use sand rat, Chinese hamster, transgenic mice, or rats [,Among experimentally induced animal models, three modalities to induce IVD degeneration have been defined. We are working on a Digital Subscription Club for the near future and some neat specials for our upcoming 30th anniversary in 2020. For the enzyme-treated discs, the T2wsi image showed an intense and significant decrease from day 7 (35% ± 2.35%) compared to control (2.5% ± 3%) and the laser group (8.5% ± 3.8%). Florence Saunders Boos. Coppini, G.W.A. Bar: 5 mm for macroscopic section image and 500,Histological analysis of rabbit intervertebral discs (IVDs) by Alcian blue/PAS staining (BA-PAS). Nevertheless, this model has several advantages over other existing models. Therefore, the laser model can be considered as an interesting model to investigate the safety and efficacy of preventive treatment of disc disease because it allows us to intervene early in the course of the disease. It also appears absolutely necessary to have good control over the radial and axial cutting angles in order to be able to reduce damage such as delamination or peeling to machined surfaces, as it has a very adverse effect on the mechanical properties of the parts produced. To assess the efficacy of the regenerative approach, animal models of IVD degeneration are needed. Lucas, O. Hamel, A. Blanchais et al., “Laser-treated Nucleus pulposus as an innovative model of intervertebral disc degeneration,”,C. Alini, S. M. Eisenstein, K. Ito et al., “Are animal models useful for studying human disc disorders/degeneration?”,J. The enzyme treatment leads to a rapid and acute process of IVD degeneration. Ten-minute video broadcasts, hosted by Frédéric Reux, that includes three segments: Sports and composites, The history of composites, Startup news and Composites professionals, with a ‘Star’ guest, usually a CEO of a composites company.The newsletters offer a complete weekly coverage of composite news in every sector of the composites industry.JEC Group offers a wide range of publications that will allow you to learn all about the trends and forecasts of the composites industry, and about the key players from the sector.Highlight your know-how on a dedicated zone through the JEC events.Find out more about the conference programs, which offer an in-depth overview of the latest advancements on given topics & industries.Connect with 2 000 companies from the entire composites industry.The JEC Composites Job Center is your 100% digital dedicated platform for job and career opportunities in the composites industry: find your new job or recruit by browsing and submitting job offers and applications.If your company is dealing with automotive, aerospace, railway, building & civil engineering, sustainable energy, sports & leisure, medical… Should you come from fibers (carbon, glass, natural), resins, additives, machines & process, from intermediate to finished parts processors, JEC World is made for you.JEC Composites Industry Programs are a component of the JEC Group tradeshows. We will be providing unlimited waivers of publication charges for accepted research articles as well as case reports and case series related to COVID-19. The rabbit NP is populated with notochordal cells rather than the chondrocytic cells found in human IVD and the role of these cells has not yet been clarified. Otherwise we can't stay in contact with you!Echoes - the new single by Roosevelt + tour dates announced!New remix of Roosevelt's new single 'Sign' by Alex Metric is out now.Son Lux will release ‘Tomorrows I’ on August 14th. The first single 'Plans We Made' is out now!Noga Erez shares "NO news on TV (Kids Against The Machine Vol. G. Hadjipavlou, J. W. Simmons, J. P. Yang et al., “Torsional injury resulting in disc degeneration: I. Sell, and J. G. Bledsoe, “Developing a mechanical and chemical model of degeneration in young bovine lumbar intervertebral disks and reversing loss in mechanical function,”,J. membership is free). City Slang is a record label based in Berlin, Germany. A. Wilkinson, “A study of the effects of bipedism and upright posture on the lumbosacral spine and paravertebral muscles of the Wistar rat,”,E. Bergknut, J. P. H. J. Rutges, H.-J. 236-239.Ranga Komanduri, Bi Zhang, Chandra Mouli Vissa. Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. Coronal and sagittal plain radiographs of the spines were taken with a collimator-to-film distance of 100 cm, exposure of 100 mAs, and penetration power of 48 kVp.The image data were analyzed with Osirix software 3.9 (Osirix Foundation, Geneva, Switzerland).T2-weighted signal intensity (T2wsi) was determined on MRI images on a midsagittal slice. IVDs were processed for histological analysis at days 0 (untreated IVD from two rabbits as internal control) and 7 and 90 days after treatment as described in Materials and Methods. Pfeiffer, P. Griss, P. Franke et al., “Degeneration model of the porcine lumbar motion segment: effects of various intradiscal procedures,”,T. Marion Fusellier performed X-ray radiography and MRI and performed data analysis. In this context, a relevant animal model should include the following features: (1) an animal tall enough to allow introduction of therapeutic agents directly into the disc; (2) an animal that is easy to obtain and inexpensive; (3) DDD developed in a progressive time-dependent manner; and (4) DDD histologically close to spontaneous degeneration. Sélection des deux villes ou lieux pour connaître leur distance. It was founded in 1990 by former tour agent Christof Ellinghaus. Read more:H. Hocheng, C.K.H. By signing up to the City Slang Club mailing list you will be kept updated on our news, but you will also receive early access to new music, give-aways, ticket raffles, discount percentages and exclusive pre-orders for club members (btw. A. Revell, E. Damien, L. Di Silvio, N. Gurav, C. Longinotti, and L. Ambrosio, “Tissue engineered intervertebral disc repair in the pig using injectable polymers,”,M. An experimental rabbit model,”,W. 701-716.L. Rahman, S. Ramakrishna, J.R.S. Gourmelen, J.-F. Chastang, A. Ozguler, J.-L. Lanoë, J.-F. Ravaud, and A. Leclerc, “Frequency of low back pain among men and women aged 30 to 64 years in France. Toutes les avis, horaires et adresses des tabacs à Boos 76520. JEC Group collaborates with a global network of international partners to fulfil our mission, to connect all parties of the composites materials industry, and to promote their activities.Contact and learn more about JEC Group leaders and sales managers.Read the latest composite materials industry news.Discover the next conferences, tradeshows and industry events.The entire composites business filtered by sector.Discover JEC Composites Magazine, the world's leading composites magazine.The monthly JEC rendez-vous on the latest news in the Composites world and their applications. NP area (a) and Boos’ scoring (b) were determined for the different conditions at 0, 7, and 90 days as described in Materials and Methods.Longitudinal Comparison of Enzyme- and Laser-Treated Intervertebral Disc by MRI, X-Ray, and Histological Analyses Reveals Discrepancies in the Progression of Disc Degeneration: A Rabbit Study,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 791, Laboratoire d’Ingénierie Ostéo-Articulaire et Dentaire (LIOAD), Group STEP “Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology”, School of Dental Surgery, 44042 Nantes, France,Department of Diagnostic Imaging, CRIP, National Veterinary School (ONIRIS), 44307 Nantes, France,Odontology Faculty, University of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France,Department of Experimental Surgery, CRIP, National Veterinary School (ONIRIS), 44307 Nantes, France,Medicine Faculty, University of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France,PHU4 OTONN, University Hospital of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France,Department of Pharmacy, University Hospital of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France,Pharmacy Faculty, University of Nantes, 44093 Nantes, France.CTRL: control; E: enzyme; IVD: intervertebral disc.J. Johann Clouet, Pauline Colombier, and Julie Lesoeur performed histological stainings and Boos’ scoring analysis. The use of PCD cutters gives good results for contouring or surfacing operations, although it is necessary to have good control of the operating conditions. “Investigation into the machining of carbon fibre reinforced plastics with cemented carbides”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 1992, pp. First, it is extremely simple and inexpensive, requiring only percutaneous access and a minimal surgical procedure as well as shorter anesthesia, thus allowing faster recovery. On civil aircraft, composite materials now can account for as much as 20% of the structural weight. The lumbar IVDs were then collected from four consecutive levels (L2-L3 to L5-L6). Conversely, laser radiation induced more progressive and less pronounced degeneration. IVDs were dissected and fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin for 1 week and decalcified for 24 h in Decalcifier II® (Surgipath, Richmond, IL, USA). 1427 East Davenport St., … B. J. Andersson, “Epidemiological features of chronic low-back pain,”,K. This is not the case for metals.The mechanical action during cutting can cause a loss of adhesion between the fibre layers. Four IVDs (L2-L3, L3-L4, L4-L5, and L5-6) were used for the experiment, and the lesions were randomized according to the protocol summarized in Table,The enzyme treatment consists in injecting 20,Laser treatment was performed using a KaVo GENTLEray 980® diode laser as previously described [.The abdominal white line and skin were closed in layers with resorbable sutures.For imaging procedures, the rabbits were tranquilized with an intramuscular injection of dexmedetomidine (100.An MRI of the entire lumbar spine was performed on a 1.0 T MR scanner (Magnetom Harmony, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) using a standard body coil to obtain T2-weighted images (TR, 5000 ms; TE, 111 ms) with the following parameters: matrix, 400 × 200; field of view, 200 × 100 mm; and slice thickness, 3 mm with no interslice gap.Plain radiographs of the spines were taken using a radiograph machine (Convix 80 generator and Universix 120 table) from Picker International (Uniontown, OH, USA). Yamada, S. Tanabe, H. Ueno et al., “Investigation of the short-term effect of chemonucleolysis with chondroitinase ABC,”,J. Sometimes uncut fibres in the top or bottom ply can be observed in machining. To assess the efficacy of the regenerative approach, animal models of IVD degeneration are needed. D. Cassidy, K. Yong-Hing, W. H. Kirkaldy-Willis, and A. Read the news:Finnester strengthens its activities in the D-A-CH region with AMAC C. Cole, P. Ghosh, and T. K. F. Taylor, “Variations of the proteoglycans of the canine intervertebral disc with ageing,”,S. IVD degeneration is classically investigated, in vivo, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiography. IVDs of 1-year-old rabbits were treated according to either the enzyme technique (enzyme) or the laser procedure (laser) as described in Materials and Methods. H. Adler, M. Schoenbaum, and R. Silberberg, “Early onset of disk degeneration and spondylosis in sand rats (,R. Silberberg and G. Gerritsen, “Aging changes in intervertebral discs and spondylosis in Chinese hamsters,”,N. “Machinability study of carbon fiber reinforced composite”, Journal of Materials Processing Technology No. Moreover, it allows inducing reproducible tissue lesions without the risk of external remnants and the routes tested on these models could be easily transposed to future human applications.This study shows that progressive IVD degeneration can be induced in the rabbit by a laser procedure. For ethical reasons, we chose to limit the number of animals sacrificed and no sacrifice was performed at days 30 and 60. De Iorio. This index represents the mean of the ventral and the dorsal height of the disc divided by mean of the ventral and dorsal length of the adjacent vertebra. IVD height, T2wsi, Boos’ scoring, and NP area were assessed for statistically significant differences using the Tukey test after an analysis of variance test. Colombier, A. Camus, L. Lescaudron, J. Clouet, and J. Guicheux, “Intervertebral disc regeneration: a great challenge for tissue engineers,”,M. Okuma, J. Mochida, K. Nishimura, K. Sakabe, and K. Seiki, “Reinsertion of stimulated nucleus pulposus cells retards intervertebral disc degeneration: an in vitro and in vivo experimental study,”,O. Gorenšek, Č. Joksimović, N. Kregar-Velikonja et al., “Nucleus pulposus repair with cultured autologous elastic cartilage derived chondrocytes,”,T. Unfortunately, they often take too long to evolve to make them appropriate models for experimental studies.Numerous experimentally induced DDD animal models have been used in preclinical studies and are commonly categorized in three groups: mechanical, physical, and chemical models. S. Kim, S. T. Yoon, J. Li, J. S. Park, and W. C. Hutton, “Disc degeneration in the rabbit: a biochemical and radiological comparison between four disc injury models,”,J. Antoniou, F. Mwale, C. N. Demers et al., “Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of enzymatically induced degradation of the nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs,”,S. “Machining parameters for an intelligent machining system for composite laminates”, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture, No. This process seems more progressive and therefore closer to spontaneous aging than the process observed in the nonprogressive tissue damage triggered by enzyme treatment. Sakai, J. Mochida, T. Iwashina et al., “Differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted to a rabbit degenerative disc model: potential and limitations for stem cell therapy in disc regeneration,”,P. Olivier Gauthier participated in the design of the study, particularly in the animal management. IVD lesions were induced under general anesthesia and fluoroscopic guidance following two methods: enzyme and laser treatment. Three of the 13 rabbits were used as controls and no surgical treatment was performed on them.A preoperative MRI was performed to eliminate spontaneous degenerated IVDs from the study. Joint research on materials, cutting tools, spindles, vibrating behaviour, machines, and CAD/CAM needs to be continued. C. W. Chan, A. Bürki, H. M. Bonél, L. M. Benneker, and B. Gantenbein-Ritter, “Papain-induced in vitro disc degeneration model for the study of injectable nucleus pulposus therapy,”,E. Kimura, K. Nakata, N. Tsumaki et al., “Progressive degeneration of articular cartilage and intervertebral discs,”,J. This decrease was more progressive and delayed in the laser group in which it became significant only at day 90 compared with the control group (Figure,To further analyze the IVD degenerative process, we then measured the changes in disc height using X-rays. Olivier Hamel participated in surgery and image analysis. The aerospace and defense industry makes up to 13% of the total composites market in 2016 in value. It enables companies to find and assess innovations with a potential impact on their industry, as a complement to the project they may are already involved in order to choose those with a potential impact for the industry, as a complement to the projects in which they are already involved.Innovation Planets are showcase areas where OEMs and suppliers can discover the best applications for composites in their market. All rights reserved.CRP Group produces composite sensor housing box Miranda. This defect is due to the type of weave and to operating conditions.Lowering the incidence of these defects or eliminating them entirely during machining procedures requires identifying and being able to control the forces involved in PCD cutting of carbon composites.The experiments were carried out at the Nantes University Institute of Technology on an Hermle C800U high-speed machining centre equipped with a Kistler dynamometer.The signal waveforms obtained during the machining of carbon composites with a PCD cutter with brazed tips is similar to those obtained when milling metals.The summary of results in figure 10 shows the changes in Fx and Fy as a function of feed per tooth. Many models have been developed so far, but none gather the required features. Rohanizadeh, R. Z. LeGeros, S. Bohic, P. Pilet, A. Barbier, and G. Daculsi, “Ultrastructural properties of bone mineral of control and tiludronate-treated osteoporotic rat,”. “On the machining of fibre reinforced plastics (FRP) composite laminates”, Int. Roberts, J. Menage, S. Sivan, and J. P. G. Urban, “Bovine explant model of degeneration of the intervertebral disc,”,T. According to an AIRBUS study, the proportion of composite materials in aircraft structures should reach 35 to 50% in military aircraft programmes in 2006.In milling, carbon-fibre-reinforced composite parts need to be contoured to eliminate excess material from the blanks, and finished by surface grinding. The changes observed confirm the modification observed on MRI. Regenerative medicine is considered an attractive prospect for the treatment of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. Untreated IVDs were used as an internal control. For clarity reasons and regarding similarities in follow-up, only the control at day 0 is illustrated. B. Henriksson, T. Svanvik, M. Jonsson et al., “Transplantation of human mesenchymal stems cells into intervertebral discs in a xenogeneic porcine model,”,D. Another animal model should be tested to confirm the results obtained in rabbits in the present study. Among the mechanical models, mechanical overload has been induced by multiple procedures [,Physical models usually combine various methods of inducing disc lesions including AF disruption [,The other commonly used animal model is chemonucleolysis [,In this context and considering the numerous limitations of currently available animal models, an innovative approach has been proposed using a laser radiation treatment [.In the present study, the longitudinal effects of laser and enzyme treatments were assessed for a 3-month period in 1-year-old rabbits. Intervertebral discs of 1-year-old rabbits were treated according to either the enzyme technique (enzyme) or the laser procedure (laser) as described in Materials and Methods. Whether you’re looking for hotels, homes, or vacation rentals, you’ll always find the guaranteed best price. It also appears worthwhile to be able to monitor the physical variables that participate in cutting during the drilling process, for example, spindle power or the axial force value, to allow automatic monitoring of the process for broken tools or significant wear that could cause bore diameter defects.The milling or drilling of thick structural parts made of carbonfibre- reinforced composite materials is in its early stages of development. It is important to choose the work mode that is in phase with or in opposite phase (on the part side), as a function of fibre orientation.The experiments were carried out in Nantes on an Anayak machining centre supplied by Europe Technologies group subsidiary Pelletier/Mecarec, and equipped with a Kistler dynamometer.The drilling/force measuring tests were carried out for a range of operating parameters. Second, the model is extremely effective, given that several degenerative IVDs can be produced per animal. (b) T2-weighted signal intensity was measured after the indicated times as described in Materials and Methods.X-ray images and analysis of rabbit lumbar spines. For drilling composite parts or multi-material stacks, tests showed that it is absolutely necessary to have good control over the characteristic angles of the cutting tool; that the operating conditions have significant effects on the mechanical forces involved; and that it is necessary to be able to control the cutting conditions. The Composites Challenge is a competition of PhD sourced and selected for the quality of their research work in the field of composites.In the present paper, we present the issues around the milling and drilling of carbon-fibre-reinforced composite panels, with a reminder of the material’s specific properties, the technical equipment required, the potential conditions, and distinctive features about the way machined surfaces degrade. Krishnamurthy et al. A decrease in the T2-weighted signal intensity (T2wsi) and a later decrease in the IVD height index are observed on MRI and X-rays, respectively. The results showed that both treatments induced a degeneration of the IVD with a decrease in IVD height and T2wsi as well as NP area and an increase in Boos’ scoring. The significance level was set at 0.05.To analyze the degenerative changes of rabbit intervertebral discs, we first measured the T2wsi changes using MRI. Calcul de la distance à vol d'oiseau entre deux villes ou entre deux points. Representative X-ray images are shown. CURRICULUM VITAE . Sahlman, R. Inkinen, T. Hirvonen et al., “Premature vertebral endplate ossification and mild disc degeneration in mice after inactivation of one allele belonging to the Col2a1 gene for type II collagen,”,J. A new research project, the Aluminium and Composites HSM Project, started in December 2004.Aerospace sector is one of the main ones to drive innovation in composites. This proportion is expected to keep on increasing, as is happening with the A380. T2wsi is measured by the ratio of NP mean weighted signal intensity divided by the spinal cord signal measured at each time point.The index of IVD height was measured on X-rays. To evaluate the ability of laser to induce progressive DDD, degenerative changes of the IVD were followed using MRI (T2-weighted signal intensity), X-rays (IVD height), and histological Boos’ scoring.All animal handling and surgical procedures were conducted according to European Community guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals (DE 86/609/CEE). C. Lotz, O. K. Colliou, J. R. Chin, N. A. Duncan, and E. Liebenberg, “Compression-induced degeneration of the intervertebral disc: an in vivo mouse model and finite-element study,”,M. Dharan, M.S. Cutters with polycrystalline diamond (PCD) brazed tips are mostly used.Five-axis CNC machining centres are required for variable-angle trimming all around the edges of parts. Dharan. The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242. Nomura, J. Mochida, M. Okuma, K. Nishimura, and K. Sakabe, “Nucleus pulposus allograft retards intervertebral disc degeneration,”,M. Read the news:Aston Martin partners with Curv Racing Simulators to create a racing simulator with a full carbon fiber monocoque Stéphane Madec performed X-ray radiography and MRI. “Cutting forces and cut quality in orthogonal cutting of unidirectional carbon fibre reinforced plastics”, Integrated Design and Process Technology IDPT, Vol 3, 1998.M. (Published on June-July 2005 – JEC Magazine #18).On civil aircraft, composite materials now can account for as much as 20% of the structural weight. Search across a wide variety of disciplines and sources: articles, theses, books, abstracts and court opinions. This proportion is expected to keep on increasing, as is happening with the A380. For clarity reasons and regarding similarities in follow-up, only the control at day 0 is illustrated. Ferreira, N.L. Among these animal models, chemonucleolysis based on the enzymatic degradation of the Nucleus Pulposus (NP) is often used, but this technique remains far from the natural physiopathological process of IVD degeneration. Department of English, 308 English-Philosophy Building. Miyamoto, T. Muneta, T. Tabuchi et al., “Intradiscal transplantation of synovial mesenchymal stem cells prevents intervertebral disc degeneration through suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-related genes in nucleus pulposus cells in rabbits,”,H. Please make sure to not only add you address but also to put a tick in the e-mail box below. Prakash, D.C.G. In the range of parts and finished products showcased and presented on these planets, visitors can explore the solutions proposed by the composite industry for their specific issues.A PhD Challenge dedicated to the Composites Industry. 89–90, 1999, pp 292–297.J.R. Samy Youl participated in the surgery. An in vivo rabbit model,”,J. MRI, radiological, and histological data have confirmed the relevance of this experimentally induced animal model of IVD degeneration compared to an enzymatic procedure (chemonucleolysis). Sobajima, J. F. Kompel, J. S. Kim et al., “A slowly progressive and reproducible animal model of intervertebral disc degeneration characterized by MRI, X-ray, and histology,”,S. IVDs were processed for histological analysis at days 0 (untreated IVD from two rabbits as internal control) and 7 and 90 days after treatment as described in Materials and Methods. The effects of the treatments were studied by MRI (T2-weighted signal intensity (T2wsi)), radiography (IVD height index), and histology (NP area and Boos’ scoring). “Machining of fiber reinforced composites”, Proceedings of The Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Composites, ASME, 1991, pp. Representative hematoxylin phloxine safran is shown at days 0, 7, and 90. Johann Clouet performed the statistical analyses from histological data and participated in the writing of the paper.This study was supported by grants from Société Française de Rhumatologie, Société Française de Neurochirurgie, Agence Nationale de la Recherche AAP TeCSAN (Chondrograft project), Agence de la Biomédecine, Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale-MESCLE (FRM-MESCLE), Région des Pays de la Loire (BIOREGOS project, Gérontopôle LMA), ANR génériques 2013 (REMEDIV project), FRM Bioingénierie (DBS20131128442), and the University Hospital of Nantes, LMA. Découvrez les meilleurs tabacs dans notre guide de Boos. This Boos’ scoring closely reflects the histological state of the degenerated IVD on the basis of criteria including cell density, granular changes, tear and cleft formation, and mucus degeneration.To demonstrate the relevance of innovative regenerative medicine approaches, and before transposing the approach to humans, animal models of DDD that closely mimic the slowly evolving IVD degeneration observed in humans are required. It can be concluded that laser treatment provides an instrumental in vivo model of slowly evolving IVD degenerative disease that can be of preclinical relevance for assessing new prophylactic biological treatments of disc degeneration.Low back pain (LBP) is an extremely frequent symptom that affects up to 20% of individuals aged from 30 to 64 years [.Spontaneous degeneration of the intervertebral disc (IVD) involves mechanical processes and aging that lead to the degradation of the extracellular matrix of the Nucleus Pulposus (NP). “Delamination during drilling in composite laminates”, ASME Journal of Engineering for Industry, No. Boos, S. Weissbach, H. Rohrbach, C. Weiler, K. F. Spratt, and A. G. Nerlich, “Classification of age-related changes in lumbar intervertebral discs: 2002 Volvo award in basic science,”,T. W. Kroeber, F. Unglaub, H. Wang et al., “New in vivo animal model to create intervertebral disc degeneration and to investigate the effects of therapeutic strategies to stimulate disc regeneration,”,F. J. M. Phillips, J. Reuben, and F. T. Wetzel, “Intervertebral disc degeneration adjacent to a lumbar fusion. But in most cases, automated axial drilling with pneumatic hand drills placed manually on the positioning die and a gun drill with PCD brazed tips is used.Because the fibres used in composite materials tend to be abrasive, in most cases only PCD tools are strong enough to be used industrially with the above-mentioned machining techniques.Due to the heterogeneous composition and anisotropy of composite materials, machining procedures can damage the material in ways that directly affect the mechanical properties. Suguro, T. R. Oegema Jr., and D. S. Bradford, “Ultrastructural study of the short-term effects of chymopapain on the intervertebral disc,”,K.
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