Les premiers gouverneurs généraux furent des Britanniques nommés par le roi sur recommandation du Bureau des colonies (Colonial Office). Le projet devient alors loi. La Constitution lui attribue un grand nombre de pouvoirs mais en pratique, il suit les us du système de Westminster (modèle anglais de gouvernement) et, à de rares exceptions près, suit l'avis des différents ministres. Kerr determined that he had both the right and the duty to dismiss the government and commission a new government that would recommend a dissolution of the Parliament. And it is exercisable by the Queen's representative, not her delegate or agent. The public role adopted by Sir John Kerr was curtailed considerably after the constitutional crisis of 1975; Sir William Deane's public statements on political issues produced some hostility towards him; and some charities disassociated themselves from Peter Hollingworth after the issue of his management of sex abuse cases during his time as Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane became a matter of controversy. L'indépendance de la charge est renforcée par les changements apportés au cours des dernières années aux instruments de la fonction ». The Governor-General appoints an Official Secretary, who in turn appoints other staff. La fonction est occupée par David Hurley depuis le 1er juillet 2019. After the initial confusion of the Hopetoun Blunder, he appointed the first Prime Minister of Australia, Edmund Barton, to a caretaker government, with the inaugural 1901 federal election not occurring until March. These provisions make it clear that the Queen's role in the parliament is in name only and the actual responsibility belongs to the Governor-General. The King maintained that it was now his sole prerogative to choose a Governor-General, and he wanted Field-Marshal Sir William Birdwood for the Australian post. Early Governors-General were British and were appointed by the Queen or King on the recommendation of the Colonial Office. Statement by the Prime Minister to the House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, Vol. The constitution also provides that the salary of the governor-general cannot be "altered" during his or her term of office. Le poste de gouverneur général fut imaginé pendant les discussions et débats qui conduisirent à la création de la fédération australienne. [24], Such further powers are currently set out in letters patent of 2008 from Queen Elizabeth II; these contain no substantive powers, but provide for the case of a governor-general's absence or incapacity. At one time, Governors-General wore the traditional court uniform, consisting of a dark navy wool double-breasted coatee with silver oak leaf and fern embroidery on the collar and cuffs trimmed with silver buttons embossed with the Royal Arms and with bullion edged epaulettes on the shoulders, dark navy trousers with a wide band of silver oak-leaf braid down the outside seam, silver sword belt with ceremonial sword, bicorne cocked hat with plume of ostrich feathers, black patent leather Wellington boots with spurs, etc., that is worn on ceremonial occasions. They are entitled to the courtesy style Her Excellency or His Excellency during the office-holder's term of office. A temporary vacancy also occurred in 2003 when Peter Hollingworth stood aside. ». le refus d'accepter de suivre l'avis donné pour un nouveau Premier ministre par un Premier ministre démissionnaire après un vote de défiance. [10] Since then, all but one of the governors-general have been Australian-born; the exception, Sir Ninian Stephen, arrived in Australia as a teenager. Les articles 58 à 60 lui permettent de refuser son accord, de proposer des modifications, d'en référer à la reine ou de déclarer que la reine a annulé le projet de loi. La Constitution prévoyant que son salaire ne peut pas être augmenté pendant son mandat (article 3), son salaire est fixé par vote avant sa prise de fonction. En 1930, James Scullin décide que le Premier ministre australien informerait directement le monarque de son choix sans passer par le Premier ministre britannique et la reine est tenue par tradition (sans qu'il y ait d'obligation théorique) de suivre son avis. In 1976, the letters patent for the Order were amended to introduce the rank of Knight and Dame to the Order, and from that time the governor-general became, ex officio, the Chancellor and Principal Knight of the Order. Lord Dudley was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (1902–1905). It is also, in the same section, declared to be "exercisable" by the Governor-General as the Queen's representative. After consulting his cabinet he chose Henry Forster, 1st Baron Forster. Ils avaient le droit de réserver leur réponse sur les lois votées par le Parlement pour pouvoir demander son avis au Bureau des colonies à Londres. He was appointed in July 1900, returning to Australia shortly before the inauguration of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901. The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II, in Australia. Le premier gouverneur, Lord Hopetoun, demande à être rappelé en Grande-Bretagne après un refus du Parlement en mai 1902 de majorer ses indemnités pour l'entretien de ses résidences. The governor-general is supported by a staff (of 80 in 2018[7]) headed by the official secretary to the governor-general of Australia. [34] It is generally held that the Governor-General may use powers without ministerial advice in the following situations: The use of the reserve powers may arise in the following circumstances: The above is not an exhaustive list, and new situations may arise. Version originale : "Privy Council of the United Kingdom". Such decisions are usually taken on the advice of the prime minister, although that is not stated in the constitution. En raison de ses larges compétences, il possède un véritable rôle institutionnel mais aussi un rôle honorifique. Dame Quentin Bryce (2008–2014) was the first woman to be appointed to the office. Cette vacance peut correspondre à une démission temporaire comme cela est le cas avec l'archevêque Peter Hollingworth. Sir Charles FitzRoy (Governor of New South Wales from 1846–1855) and Sir William Denison (Governor of New South Wales from 1855–1861) also carried the additional title of Governor-General because their jurisdiction extended to other colonies in Australia.[55]. »[15]. [5] The governor-general has formal presidency over the Federal Executive Council and is commander-in-chief of the Australian Defence Force. Scullin was equally insistent that the monarch must act on the relevant prime minister's direct advice (the practice until 1926 was that Dominion prime ministers advised the monarch indirectly, through the British government, which effectively had a veto over any proposal it did not agree with). De plus, le gouverneur général représente le … ))[Quoi ?] The early Governors-General frequently sought advice on the exercise of their powers from two judges of the High Court of Australia, Sir Samuel Griffith and Sir Edmund Barton. [59] The opposition Nationalist Party of Australia denounced the appointment as "practically republican", but Scullin had set a precedent. The most recently deceased governor-general, Sir Ninian Stephen (1982–1989), died on 29 October 2017. He stated that the Governor-General was more than a representative of the sovereign, explaining: "under section 2 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the Queen's representative and exercises certain royal prerogative powers and functions; under section 61 of the Constitution the Governor-General is the holder of a quite separate and independent office created, not by the Crown, but by the Constitution, and empowered to exercise, in his own right as Governor-General... all the powers and functions of Australia's head of state."[27]. In 1975, Labor Prime Minister Gough Whitlam advised the Queen that Sir Colin Hannah, then Governor of Queensland, should have his dormant commission revoked for having made public political statements. ». During the 1920s, the importance of the position declined. Le premier gouverneur général fut un ancien gouverneur du Victoria qui était l'ancien gouverneur le plus populaire en Australie, John Hope, comte d'Hopetoun. The office of Governor-General for the Commonwealth of Australia was conceived during the debates and conventions leading up to federation. Scullin cited the precedents of the prime minister of South Africa, J. He later "stepped down over the church's handling" of "allegations" of sexual abuse of boys, for which he apologised before the Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse in 2016. Sir Ronald Munro Ferguson had been offered the governorship of South Australia in 1895 and of Victoria in 1910, but refused both appointments. En tant que représentant de la reine, le gouverneur général exerce certains pouvoirs en vertu des articles 61 et 68 de la Constitution. The Biosecurity Act 2015 specifies that the Governor-General may declare such an emergency exists if the Health Minister (Greg Hunt at the time) is satisfied that "a listed human disease is posing a severe and immediate threat, or is causing harm, to human health on a nationally significant scale". Les gouverneurs généraux britanniques (de 1901 à 1965) sont pairs (peer) ou chevaliers (knight). Lord Casey was Governor of Bengal in between his periods of service to the Australian Parliament. On a proposé, au début des années 1980, que le prince de Galles devienne gouverneur général, mais l'idée fut rapidement abandonnée. Henry, duc de Gloucester, le troisième fils de George V a été nommé gouverneur général d'Australie par le Premier ministre travailliste John Curtin en 1945, pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. En effet, à la suite de la conférence impériale de 1926, le choix du gouverneur général dépendit uniquement de l'avis du Premier ministre australien. Il n'y a pas eu pour le moment de gouverneur d'origine autre qu'européenne (notamment pas d'Aborigène). Le salaire annuel du gouverneur actuel est de 365 000 dollars australiens[6]. Section 4 of the constitution allows the Queen to appoint an administrator to carry out the role of governor-general when there is a vacancy. Lord Stonehaven (as John Baird) was Minister for Transport in the Cabinets of Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwin; and after his return to Britain he became Chairman of the UK Conservative Party. En pratique, le choix d'un futur gouverneur général est l'affaire du Premier ministre australien qui peut en discuter ou non avec ses collaborateurs, les autres ministres, le chef de l'opposition et la reine. In 1930, King George V and the Australian Prime Minister James Scullin discussed the appointment of a new Governor-General to replace Lord Stonehaven, whose term was coming to an end. Bien que les relations entre la reine et le gouverneur général respectent certaines formes, en fait ce dernier exerce ses fonctions d'après la Constitution sans en référer à la souveraine. The functions of the governor-general include appointing ministers, judges, and ambassadors; giving royal assent to legislation passed by parliament; issuing writs for election; and bestowing Australian honours.[6]. De telles décisions sont généralement prises à la demande (on the advice) du Premier ministre. [11] The memorandum met with strong opposition within the Colonial Office and was dismissed by Lord Milner, the Colonial Secretary; no response was given. "[27], As early as 1901, the authoritative commentary by Quick and Garran had noted that the Governor-General of Australia was distinguished from other Empire Governors-General by the fact that "[t]he principal and most important of his powers and functions, legislative as well as executive, are expressly conferred on him by the terms of the Constitution itself ... not by Royal authority, but by statutory authority". Les gouverneurs généraux australiens (de 1931 à 1988) sont tous chevaliers (bien que pour William McKell, le titre lui soit attribué pendant son mandat), à l'exception de Lord Casey qui est pair. En 1975, la reine, par l'intermédiaire de son secrétaire privé, avait fait savoir qu'elle « n'avait pas à prendre part dans les décisions que le gouverneur général devait prendre de par la Constitution ». Pendant la crise constitutionnelle de 1975, la reine n'intervint pas du fait que l'affaire « relevait clairement des attributions du Gouverneur général ». [38], The powers of command-in-chief are vested in the Governor-General rather than the "Governor-General in Council", meaning there is an element of personal discretion in their exercise. Occasionally governors-general have made extended tours visiting multiple countries, notably in 2009 when Quentin Bryce visited nine African countries in 19 days.[51]. Comme le cas ne s'est jamais présenté, le public ne sait pas comment la reine réagirait à une telle situation. They include appointing the Chief of the Defence Force and authorising the deployment of troops. Ce rôle peut toutefois être réduit lorsque le gouverneur général devient impopulaire vis-à-vis d'une fraction de la population. This gives the Minister sweeping powers, including imposing restrictions or preventing the movement of people and goods between specified places, and evacuations. Lors de cette crise, le gouverneur général, John Kerr, mit fin aux fonctions du gouvernement du Premier ministre Gough Whitlam quand le Sénat vota la défiance au gouvernement qui avait reçu la confiance de la Chambre des représentants. À côté de ses fonctions constitutionnelles, le gouverneur général a un important rôle cérémonial. Cette commission concluait que: « le gouverneur général n'était en aucun cas un représentant de la reine. The Governor-General has a ceremonial role in swearing in and accepting the resignations of Members of Parliament. In our opinion it is an essential consequence of the equality of status existing among the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations that the Governor-General of a Dominion is the representative of the Crown, holding in all essential respects the same position in relation to the administration of public affairs in the Dominion as is held by His Majesty the King in Great Britain, and that he is not the representative or agent of His Majesty's Government in Great Britain or of any Department of that Government. Quentin Bryce est devenue la première femme à accéder à cette fonction le 5 septembre 2008. When travelling abroad, the governor-general is seen as the representative of Australia, and of the Queen of Australia. Le gouverneur général entérine l'élection des députés en recevant de ces derniers leur serment d'allégeance au monarque du Royaume-Uni[1]. La Constitution ne prévoit pas de durée officielle du mandat, de sorte qu'il peut durer aussi longtemps que l'on veut, mais en pratique la durée est de cinq ans, qui sont parfois prolongés de quelques jours ou semaines. La fonction est occupée par David Hurley depuis le 1er juillet 2019. The Queen (that is, the UK monarch acting upon advice of the British Government) could also disallow any Australian legislation up to a year after the Governor-General had given it the assent; although this power has never been used. Toutes ces fonctions sont exercées selon la Constitution australienne et appliquées au nom de la reine. The first Governor-General, the Earl of Hopetoun, was a previous Governor of Victoria. Governors-General have during their tenure the style His/Her Excellency the Honourable and their spouses have the style His/Her Excellency. She was in office when, on 19 March 2014, the Queen, acting on the advice of Prime Minister Tony Abbott, amended the letters patent of the Order of Australia to provide, inter alia, that the governor-general would be, ex officio, Principal Knight or Principal Dame of the Order. The Australian Government was merely asked, as a matter of courtesy, whether they approved of the choice or not. En 1975, le Premier ministre travailliste, Gough Whitlam, demande à la reine que Colin Hannah, alors gouverneur du Queensland et administrateur, soit révoqué de son poste pour avoir fait des déclarations publiques pour soutenir la coalition d'opposition de partis de droite. Le gouverneur général a compétence dans les domaines suivants : Il est président du Conseil exécutif et commandant en chef des forces armées. [6] These rituals are witnessed by the chief justice of the High Court or another senior judge. Governors-General were expected[by whom?] la possibilité de mettre fin aux fonctions d'un Premier ministre et d'en nommer un nouveau au cas où il serait mis en minorité et refuserait de démissionner ou voudrait dissoudre la Chambre des représentants. This has been the procedure since November 1930, when James Scullin's proposed appointment of Sir Isaac Isaacs was fiercely opposed by the British government. Bill Hayden est le seul gouverneur général à refuser tout titre. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Examples of this have been the Flags Act (1953), the Royal Styles and Titles Acts (1953 and 1973), and the Australia Act (1986). Version originale : "Federal Executive Council", Version originale : "Parliamentary Secretaries", Version originale : "command-in-chief of naval and military forces... is vested in the Governor-General as the Queen's representative", Version originale : "the Defence Minister", Version originale : "the Chief of the Defence Force" (CDF), Version originale : "to withhold assent to Bills", coalition d'opposition de partis de droite, Liste des gouverneurs généraux d'Australie, Governors-General—Salary and Pension Fiche sur le salaire et la retraite du gouverneur général, Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act, General of the Commonwealth of Australia-Government House, General of the Commonwealth of Australia- Admiralty House, surrounding Australia’s governor-general threatens a "constitutional earthquake", FITZROY, Sir Charles Augustus (1796-1858), Liste des dirigeants des États et territoires australiens, Site officiel du gouverneur général d'Australie, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gouverneur_général_d%27Australie&oldid=174146604, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence. Il est important de savoir que le gouverneur général n'a pas le droit de dissoudre la Chambre des représentants ou le Sénat sans accord du Conseil des ministres. Eyewear manunfacturer since 1878, Gouverneur Audigier offers handmade and customizable frames made in France. En 1965, le gouvernement conservateur de Robert Menzies désigna un Australien, Lord Casey, et depuis le poste a toujours été occupé par un Australien. Quand il voyage à l'étranger, il est souvent considéré comme le vrai chef de l'État australien. [18] Under the Governor-General Act 1974, each new commission has resulted in a pay increase. After receiving their commission, the governor-general takes an Oath of Allegiance to the monarch and an Oath of Office, undertaking to serve Australia's monarch "according to law, in the office of governor-general of the Commonwealth of Australia". Conventionally, the Australian Ministers to the Crown (the ministers of the Australian Government) give recommendation to the Queen on who should be appointed. [21] In 1961, Lord Dunrossil became the first and, to date, only governor-general to die while holding office. le refus de la dissolution de la Chambre des représentants si le Premier ministre lui demande ou le droit de lui demander les raisons détaillées de sa requête. Il dispose d'une seconde résidence officielle, "Admiralty House" à Sydney[14]. to exercise a supervisory role over the Australian Government in the manner of a colonial governor. En dépit de l'accord apparent de la population à cette décision aux élections qui s'ensuivirent, les circonstances qui ont accompagné la démission du Premier ministre restent sujet à controverse. The constitution describes the parliament of the commonwealth as consisting of the Queen, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Son rôle le plus important est défini dans l'article 58 de la Constitution : « Quand un projet de loi voté par les deux assemblées du Parlement est soumis au gouverneur général pour approbation de la reine, il doit confirmer [...] qu'il donne son accord au nom de la Reine. [23] By convention, the longest-serving state governor holds a dormant commission, allowing an assumption of office to commence whenever a vacancy occurs. From Federation in 1901 until 1965, 11 out of the 15 governors-general were British aristocrats; they included four barons, three viscounts, three earls, and one royal duke. 1935 saw the appointment of the first British High Commissioner to Australia, Geoffrey Whiskard (in office 1936–1941). Only one governor-general, Dame Quentin Bryce (2008–2014), has been a woman. Le gouverneur détient les mêmes fonctions constitutionnelles et cérémonielles au niveau de l'État que le gouverneur général d'Australie au niveau fédéral. Tous jusqu'à Ninian Stephen (de 1901 à 1989) sont membres du Conseil privé du Royaume-Uni[2], et de ce fait ont droit au traitement de « très honorable »[3]. Since May 2013, the style used by a former governor-general is the Honourable; it was at the same time retrospectively granted for life to all previous holders of the office.[15]. D'un point de vue administratif, les fonctions de gouverneur général sont régies par le Governor-General Act 1974. Par convention, il s'agit du plus ancien des gouverneurs d'État en poste qui assure ce rôle de dormant commission (n'intervenant qu'en cas de crise), sans qu'il y ait de vacance du pouvoir. Plus tard, chaque colonie a son propre gouverneur et le titre tombe en désuétude jusqu'à la création du Commonwealth d'Australie en 1901. In the face of this provision, I feel it is difficult to contend that the Queen, even though present in Australia, may exercise in person functions of executive government which are specifically assigned by the constitution to the Governor-General. In 2003, Archbishop Peter Hollingworth voluntarily stood aside while controversial allegations against him were managed, and the letters patent of the office were amended to take account of this circumstance. et j'en assume entièrement le rôle. Trois gouverneurs généraux d'Australie démissionnent de la fonction. Situés au cœur des principaux centres d’affaires et de tourisme, nos hôtels sont réputés pour la chaleur de leur accueil et la convivialité de leur personnel. By convention, the prime minister is appointed to this council and advises as to which parliamentarians shall become ministers and parliamentary secretaries. "[28] The changes occurred in 1984 when Queen Victoria's letters patent and instructions were revoked and replaced with new letters patent,[29] on Prime Minister Bob Hawke's advice, who stated that this would clarify the governor-general's position under the constitution.[30][31]. Puis, petit à petit, on fit admettre que le gouverneur général devait être un citoyen du pays concerné et qu'il devait être désigné par le gouvernement du pays en question sans intervention du gouvernement britannique. Lord Dunrossil (as William Morrison) was Speaker of the UK House of Commons. During the Queen's 2011 visit to Australia, she and the Duke of Edinburgh were driven in a Range Rover Vogue. The Prime Minister tabled a copy of the amended letters patent relating to the office of Governor-General, together with the text of a statement relating to the document, but for some unknown reason he did not read the statement to the House, nor did he seek leave to have it incorporated in Hansard. A number of Governors-General have reserved Royal Assent for particular legislation for the Queen.
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