( Déconnexion / Changer ), Vous commentez à l’aide de votre compte Twitter. The Young Turks took that arrangement as further proof of the Armenians’ collusion with Europe to undermine the sovereignty of the Ottoman Empire. Les Arméniens, très nombreux dans l’empire Russe qui ne se cache pas de vouloir devenir le protecteur de cette minorité, persistent à demander un soutien international tant que les Ottomans ne tiennent pas leurs engagements promis depuis les réformes du Tanzimat, et ce à la veille de la guerre qui oppose les deux empire eurasiatiques. The Young Turks proposed to the Dashnaktsutyun, by then the leading Armenian political party, that it convince Russian Armenians as well as those in Ottoman lands to fight for the Ottoman Empire. In conclusion, the main causes of the Armenian Genocide were the economic, political, religious, and social situations of the Ottoman Empire at the time, as well as the history of conflict in the region. One could argue that the current religious conflict between Muslims and Christians has been ongoing since 1095 and the First Crusade and continues still today during the age of terror. Also Google look up who coined the word GEnocide and it’s origins! There are now more than twice as many ethnic Armenians worldwide as there were when the Young Turks attempted to annihilate them, which is a testament to the Armenian spirit and resilience (Hartunian XIX). They are visualizing the unbearable journey of the next day and its horrors, and they are going mad. Still, this debate raises questions about the area of knowledge of history itself, and how people gain historical knowledge. The activities of the Armenian revolutionaries, however, did stoke fear and anxiety among the Muslims. Voir la version abrégée. The Ottoman and Seljuk Empires had a unique geopolitical location in that they were located on the border between the Islamic Middle East and the Christian eastern Europe. One of the most devastating types of conflict and assault upon a culture is genocide. D’autres massacres se produisent l’année suivante dans la ville de Zeitoun. Distinguished University Professor of History, University of Michigan. Belmont, Mass. Did the best he could to cover for Mohammedanism and even brought such an inconsequential event as The Crusades into the argument. Dans celui-ci je reviendrai sur les causes. No longer could the Turk be a friend to the Armenian, or the Armenian a friend to the Turk” (Hartunian 1). For many years, the language was in danger of dying out, and the massacres of the genocide have left Armenia as one of the most sparsely populated nations to this day. In 1914 the European powers imposed a major reform on the Ottomans that required supervision by inspectors in the east. Ils se sont tournés vers la deuxième, sous la bannière du panturquisme. Après le règne de Soliman le magnifique, l’empire ottoman entre dans une période de déclin, qui ne fera que s’empirer. 296, no. What word describes Edward Teach, Anne Bonny, and Henry Morgan? Les grandes communautés chrétiennes ont obtenus leur indépendance, soutenues par les Européens. C'est le début d'un génocide, le premier du XXe siècle. The Armenian Genocide is just another chapter in a saga which started in the Eight Century and continues to this day. Matthew Marasco was one of 11 students at the Wakefield, R.I.’s prestigious Prout School to graduate with an International Baccalaureate (IB) diploma. Furthermore, Armenia was not simply a Christian nation, but in the 4th century A.D., became the first nation ever to accept Christianity as the official religion of the state. Those who were lucky enough to survive had to simply continue walking until, and if, they reached the border and safety. However, the party quickly split over whether liberal or conservative reform was needed to revitalize the Empire, and the radical conservative wing of the party found itself with uninhibited control thanks to a coup d’etat (Armenian National Institute). OFFICE OF THE UN SPECIAL ADVISER ON THE PREVENTION OF GENOCIDE (OSAPG) (n.d.): n. pag. “Adolf Hitler, Chancellor of Nazi Germany (1933-45).” Adolf Hitler — Statement on the Armenian Genocide. Merriam-Webster, n.d. One of the most glaring reminders of the violence shown towards the Armenians was the Holocaust in Germany during World War II. Humanity must study the past in order to avoid repeating the atrocities committed so many years ago. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Another cause for the persecution of Armenians between 1915 and 1917 was the religious tension created by the fact that they were a large group of Christians living under the rule of an Islamic nation. Truth is that Anatolia, North Africa, and Syria once enlightened centers of Christendom have all been brought to both physical and spiritual poverty by Mohammedanism. Because Armenians and Assyrians lived along the Russian-Ottoman front, both the Russians and the Ottomans attempted to recruit the local Christians in their campaigns against their enemies. Rather, there were many long-term and short-term factors, none of which in isolation could have sparked the mass bloodshed, but which combined to create the perfect storm. History, be it familial, national, or ethnic, defines who one is as a person. The Armenian Genocide[c](also sometimes known as the Armenian Holocaust)was the systematic mass murder and expulsion of 1.5 million[b]ethnic Armenianscarried out in Turkey and adjoining regions by the Ottoman governmentbetween 1914 and 1923. Additionally, the forcible removal of Armenians from Armenia has had an incredible impact upon the culture. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were about 2.5 million Armenians living in the Ottoman Empire, mostly concentrated in the six provinces of Eastern Anatolia. In antiquity and the Middle Ages the area was ruled by a succession of Armenian dynasties, although it often faced incursions by outside powers. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Some 20,000 more Armenians were killed in urban riots and pogroms in Adana and Hadjin in 1909. En 1912, suite à une nouvelle guerre balkanique, l’empire perd tous ses territoires européens hormis ceux qui jouxtent Istanbul. The sultan, a dynastic title given to the traditional ruler of the Ottoman Empire, had given up absolute power in 1908, causing a power vacuum. ARF-ER, AYF-ER Statement on Attack on Artsakh, Why repatriation to Armenia is a good idea right now, Stillborn Peace in Nagorno-Karabakh and the Limits of Official Diplomacy to Resolve the Conflict. To begin, the first factor to be examined is the history of the Ottoman Empire, and how Armenians had been treated until the beginning of the genocide in 1915. The Armenian people were forged in the fire of genocide, but have passed that test and prevailed with flying colors. The violence did not stop in 1917; the city of Smyrna, a primarily Armenian-occupied city, was burned in 1922 (Harutian XVII). Armenians did not constitute a majority in any of the regions in which they lived, although they often resided in homogeneous villages and neighborhoods within towns and cities. The Armenian populations in Tiflis and Baku controlled the majority of the local wealth—wealth which was desperately needed both by the Islamic civilians of the area, as well as the Young Turk government. Matthew’s Extended Essay was a version of the following essay entitled “What Were the Main Causes of the Armenian Genocide?”. They are hungry, they are thirsty, they are cold in the night air. Because local courts and judges often favoured Muslims, Armenians had little recourse when they were the victims of violence or when their land, livestock, or property was taken from them. Le sujet du génocide arménien est compliqué, c'est pourquoi je vais le diviser en deux articles. Hartunian, Abraham H. Neither to Laugh nor to Weep: An Odyssey of Faith: A Memoir of the Armenian Genocide. As World War I began in the summer of 1914, the Young Turks joined the Central Powers (Germany and Austro-Hungary) against the Triple Entente (Great Britain, France, and Russia). Kindly Help me Translate it into Indian Languages in order to make awareness about Genocides. During the Balkan War, many Armenians in the eastern reaches of the Empire had, in fact, joined forces with the Balkan uprisers and the Russians, much to the dismay of the Turkish government (Case). BBC Europe - Q&A: Armenian Genocide Dispute, Armenian National Institute - Frequently Asked Questions about the Armenian Genocide, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum - Holocaust Encyclopedia - The Armenian Genocide. This spelled doom for the thousands of Armenians who had fled the Ottoman Empire to the safety of Russia. Le sujet du génocide arménien est compliqué, c’est pourquoi je vais le diviser en deux articles. The Turkish government has resisted calls to recognize it as such, contending that, although atrocities took place, there was no official policy of extermination implemented against the Armenian people as a group. The Young Turks promoted this fear and dislike of outsiders, in particular of Armenians, through the use of their propagandist newspaper Harb Mecuasi, or “War Magazine” (Dadrian, 220). Changer ), Vous commentez à l’aide de votre compte Google. In regards to this, there are two incredibly varying viewpoints. Avertissez-moi par e-mail des nouveaux commentaires. Try to figure out what brought them your way instead by simply dancing around them OPPA!!! William H. Sewell Jr. St. Gregory Armenian Apostolic Church Hosting Drive-By Food Festival, Hamazkayin Boston, NAASR to host online discussion of documentary ‘Vahe Oshagan: Between Acts’, Pan-Armenian Council of Western USA condemns Azerbaijan’s attack on Artsakh, ARS Central Executive Board: ‘Artsakh Needs You’, Azerbaijan Launches Deadly Attack on Artsakh. C’est dans ce contexte de méfiance mutuelle, et de guerre, qu’aura lieu en 1915 le premier génocide du 20ème siècle, le génocide arménien. As a requirement of the IB diploma, students are required to write an “Extended Essay,” a research paper of up to 4,000 words. One of the main goals of this group was to regain some of the honor and prestige lost during the Balkan War, and to reassert the dominance of the Ottoman Empire in the region (Armenian National Institute). Tout commence le 24 avril 1915. Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of genocide. Les « Jeunes Turcs » dès leur arrivée au pouvoir, ont eu besoin d’une nouvelle idéologie et ont oscillé entre libéralisme et nationalisme. : Armenian Heritage, 1999. Antipathy toward Christians increased when the Ottoman Empire suffered a humiliating defeat in the First Balkan War (1912–13), resulting in the loss of nearly all its remaining territory in Europe. Puis, les pays occidentaux imposent une modernisation forcée à l’empire encore féodal, qui va se caractériser par une demande de réformes comme la création d’une Constitution. “The Armenian Genocide (1915-16): Overview.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. LOL. However, much of the international community, including the United States, does not recognize the “incident” as a genocide. En effet, ceux-ci demandent à ce que leurs droits de minorités soient appliqués, notamment par rapport aux tribus kurdes. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914–18). Hitler followed the Young Turks blueprint almost exactly, dehumanizing and scapegoating an economically successful racial and religious minority during a time of crisis. The great majority of Armenians were poor peasants, but a few found success as merchants and artisans. "Cela s'est traduit par des rafles dans les villages, puis des convois de déportation vers des régions comme la Syrie", explique à francetv info Philippe Videlier, historien au CNRS et auteur de N… Mais les exactions contre les Arméniens avaient commencé dès la fin du XIXe siècle. C’est le début d’une grande mésentente entre Turcs et Arméniens. Framework, Analysis, and Legal Definition Of Genocide. Even during the times of Muhammad, religious wars were taking place, as he began conquering and absorbing areas into his domain. Despite this, it would be difficult to deny that religious animosity, of which the region has had an extensive history, played a major role in the events which were to unfold between 1915 and 1917. Pour consolider son pouvoir, le sult… In the year 1915, there were approximately 1.5 million Armenians living within the borders of the Ottoman Empires (The Armenian). Furthermore, the conflict sent hundreds of thousands of Muslim refugees streaming eastward into Anatolia, intensifying conflict between Muslims and Christian peasants over land. Des réformes vont bien avoir lieux, que l’on appelle réformes du Tanzimat. Before proceeding further, it is important to note that for the purpose of this investigation the assaults upon the Armenians will be referred to as a genocide, according to the Merriam-Webster definition. This has ‘paved’ the path for other genocide’s such as the Jewish Holocaust. What Were the Main Causes of the Armenian Genocide? Armenians were killed in all sorts of horrific ways, but the vast majority died during the forced marches, during which the Ottoman military and civilians alike herded Armenians, sometimes entire towns at a time, and simply marched them into the desert without resources and left them there to perish. For centuries the great mountain plateau of Eastern Anatolia—in present-day eastern Turkey—was inhabited primarily by Christian Armenians who shared the area with Muslim Kurds. The science is out for the world to see on their ipad or iphone of who is worth what, books can’t be burned no more so I say “go a head, lie to yourself”, it takes 5min to smell horse poop, but if you want to argue with them about it, then you are no better, I say. Young Armenian activists, many of them from Russian Caucasia, sought to protect their compatriots by agitating for an independent state. Common factors seen in most genocides include racial and religious tensions, as well as desperation on the part of the “attacking” party. One day, as I was with a Turkish official, he said to me ’My friend, there is no hope. Le génocide arménien. Leur objectif était de créer un grand empire, ethniquement homogène, rassemblant tous les peuples turcs de l’Europe à l’Asie centrale. That, after all, is the noblest reason to pursue the study of history. Has anyone checked how happy the people are in those areas of genocides around the world today? In the areas where Ottoman and Russian troops faced each other, there were massacres of both Christians and Muslims. One survivor recounts his first impressions at a camp, saying, “I soon reached the concentration camp, where twelve thousand Armenians had already been herded—hungry, thirsty, naked, dirty, exhausted, already near death” (Hartunian, 85). Print. ( Déconnexion / There are secret murders. . Next, as already mentioned, a group known as the Young Turks, a reactionist group formed in response to the former Sultan Abdul Hamid II’s totalitarianism, had come to power in the Ottoman Empire shortly before the persecution of the Armenians, and this is certainly not a coincidence (Armenian National Institute.). 600 intellectuels sont exécutés en quelques jours. To back up this claim, and to prevent any resistance to the impending assault, the Turkish government disarmed all of the Armenians in the Ottoman Empire. Anti-Armenian feelings erupted into mass violence several times in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This militant Islamic group blamed the Christian “Infidels” for the struggles faced by the Muslims living within their borders. One of the most effective ways to carry out this goal was by suppressing the ethnic minorities living within their borders to ensure no further uprisings, and to send a message to the newly autocratic peoples that their recently gained freedom would not last for long. Those who support this theory site the treatment of conquered and colonized people in the territories of the western powers, which some would argue was actually harsher than the treatment of the Armenians. Initially, the group was intending to make wide-sweeping reforms to create equality within the Empire by creating a constitutional government, which many Armenians supported. Le Sultan Abdul Hamid II va réprimer très durement ces mouvements dès qu’ils vont prendre une importance populaire. In fact, many argue that the treatment of Armenians under the rule of the Ottoman Turks was far from harsh. To begin to fully understand the events that unfolded between 1915 and 1917, it is first important to understand the history of conflict, especially religious conflict, in the region. Print. After the humiliating defeat at the hands of their former subjects, the Turks decided to round up the Armenians from these provinces, and relocate them into concentration camps. No longer can the Armenian and the Turk live together. The wise course for you, when the time comes, is to leave this country and never return.’ This Turk had spoken the truth. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914–18). In light of this, it is reasonable to assume that part of the reason for the genocide was to acquire the wealth, which had been amassed by the Armenians (Armenian). Fearful Armenians capitalized on the Ottoman defeat to press for reforms, appealing to the European powers to force the Young Turks to accept a degree of autonomy in the Armenian provinces. Bien que les terroristes négocient leur extradition en France, des massacres sur les populations civiles suivent. Finalement, l’empire ottoman s’enlise : la Macédoine en Europe devient indépendante en 1905, le Sultan Abdul Hamid II est renversé par les « Jeunes Turcs », soutenus par des révolutionnaires arméniens, mais la relation entre le pouvoir et la minorité ne vont pas s’améliorer. The Ottoman Empire was the most recent of a long line of invaders to control the Armenian kingdom in 1915; the once powerful kingdom had previously succumbed to Greeks, Romans, Persians, Arabs, Seljuks, Mongols, Tartars, all before falling into Ottoman hands (Hartunian XIV). En 1878, après une nouvelle guerre dans les Balkans, les Serbes obtiennent l’autonomie et les Bulgares une quasi indépendance, suite au soutien des Russes. History has shown, it is suicide to make deals and concessions with un-apologetic turks. Neither one gained wide support among Armenians in Eastern Anatolia, who largely remained loyal and hoped instead that sympathizers in Christian Europe would pressure the Ottoman Empire to implement new reforms and protections for Armenians. Others concede that the Armenians did suffer great losses, but refuse to accept the fact that the atrocities were carried out by the Ottoman Empire and its military. “Home – AGMA.” Home – AGMA. And some, unable to bear these things, drop dead” (Harutian 87). However, the time immediately before the events of 1915 was actually relatively peaceful, as the many groups under Ottoman rule coexisted without conflict. When you have a group of people who believe that a guy who liked to have sex with a little 9 year old girl is the epitome of human achievement this is what you get. That being said, one could also argue that the horrors of 1915 have unified and united the Armenian diaspora, and led to a cultural, religious, and ethnic pride as strong as any in the world. Web. People must learn to be aware of the sins of the past in order to create a better tomorrow. Web. The situation only worsened with the Treaty of Brest Litovsk, in which the Russians gave many of their southern provinces to the Ottoman Empire in exchange for peace. The Dashnaks replied that Armenian Russian and Ottoman subjects would remain loyal to their respective empires. Violence between Christian and Islamic groups was nothing new to the Middle East by 1915; the region had already experienced the religious wars of the Crusades, a series of seven wars beginning in 1095 and continuing periodically until 1291, as well as the conquering of Constantinople, the center of the Christian world in the east, which was overrun by Muslims in May of 1453. a bit confused about how you can say that the years before the genocide were peaceful even though in 1894 there was a massacre of the Armenian people. It is important that this trend is broken. Le génocide arménien a eu lieu d’avril 1915 à juillet 1916 et a coûté la vie à un million deux cent mille Arméniens, soit les deux-tiers de la population arménienne vivant en Turquie à l’époque. To fully illustrate just how similar these two crimes against humanity were, in a 1939 statement, Adolf Hitler himself illustrates his use of the Turkish blueprint to justify his actions in Poland, saying “Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?” Perhaps, if people had in fact remembered the Armenian Genocide, this second tragedy may have been avoided. Ce nouveau statut fait suite au traité de Berlin, où la « question arménienne » est évoquée pour la première fois, aux côtés des questions des peuples balkaniques. Entre 1894 et 1896, entre 200 000 et 400 000 arméniens sont victimes des massacres hamidiens. There was, at this time, talk of establishing a constitutional government, which would guarantee the Armenians equal rights under the law. While each attempted human extermination has had its own unique and tragic backstory, there are some commonalities among them. This radical wing promoted a “Turkey for the Turks” sentiment and created a “xenophobic (fear of those unlike oneself) Turkish nationalism” (Armenian National Institute). Ceux-ci refusent de payer, car ils payent déjà un « impôt » aux kurdes locaux, et ne peuvent payer deux fois. Dans celui-ci je reviendrai sur les causes. This takes into account the lack of civil rights available to Armenians, as well as the economic and societal restraints placed upon them. Although Ottoman society was dominated by Muslims, a small number of Armenian families were able to attain prominent positions in banking, commerce, and government. Le samedi 24 avril 1915, à Constantinople , capitale de l'empire ottoman, 600 notables arméniens sont assassinés sur ordre du gouvernement. The recounting of the Armenian Genocide suggests that there is no “absolute truth” within history, and that bias, both conscious and unconscious, clouds judgement and alters the recitations of events. I say this because the Nazi’s view of the holocaust was that if the Turks could get away with killing 2 000 000 Armenians, why can’t we kill as many Jews as we want?
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