The Roman commander, Lucullus, demanded the expulsion of Mithridates from Armenia – to comply with such a demand would be, in effect, to accept the status of vassal to Rome and this Tigranes refused. In approximately 120 BC, the Parthian king Mithridates II invaded Armenia and made its king Artavasdes I acknowledge Parthian suzerainty. When Pompey advanced into Armenia, Tigranes surrendered (66 bc). Tigranes II The Great, king of Armenia from 95 to 55 bc, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East. [13] Tigranes escaped capture with a small escort. [13] Mithridates executed a planned general attack on Romans and Italians in Asia Minor, tapping into local discontent with the Romans and their taxes and urging the peoples of Asia Minor to raise against foreign influence. [10], Herod died in 4 BC in Jericho. [13], He deposed Artanes, the last king of the Kingdom of Sophene and a descendant of Zariadres.[14]. [19] He then conquered Phoenicia and Cilicia, effectively putting an end to the last remnants of the Seleucid Empire, though a few holdout cities appear to have recognized the shadowy boy-king Seleucus VII Philometor as the legitimate king during his reign. ", https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4kQUU_bpOsC&pg=PR24&dq=%22Sea+to+sea+Armenia%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=P30EUtCQJpKo4AO894HgAg&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Sea%20to%20sea%20Armenia%22&f=false, "Armenia and Iran ii. The Encyclopaedia of Military History, R E Dupuy and T N Dupuy, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRomeny2010 (, "Halley's comet of 87 BC on the coins of Armenian king Tigranes? [18] Magadates was appointed as his governor in Antioch. [42][43], Although Cleopatra of Pontus is usually considered to be their mother (Appian writes that she gave birth to three sons)[40], historian Gagik Sargsyan considered only Artavasdes II and one of the unnamed daughters to be her children. Many of the inhabitants of conquered cities were sent to his new metropolis of Tigranocerta. His unfaithful son was sent back to Rome as a prisoner.[35]. Tigranes V, also known as Tigran V was a Herodian Prince who ruled as a Roman Client King of Armenia from 6 AD to 12 AD. He is also alleged to have led a military campaign in 82 BCE. The people paid him honors after the manners of the East, even to adoration. Although it has been proposed that Tigranes I reigned from 123 For other historical figures with the same name (including other kings of Armenia), see, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRomeny2010 (, René Grousset / Histoire de l'Arménie (Paris, 1946), p. 85. Mithrobarzanes charged the Romans while they were setting up their camp, but was met by a 3,500-strong sentry force and his horsemen were routed. Tigranes' co-rule with Erato is supported by numismatic evidence. [22] Charles Rollin, in his Ancient History, says: Tigranes, to whom Lucullus had sent an ambassador, though of no great power in the beginning of his reign, had enlarged it so much by a series of successes, of which there are few examples, that he was commonly surnamed "King of Kings." [20] He was called "Tigranes the Great" by many Western historians and writers, such as Plutarch. After the death of Tigranes' father in 7 BC, Herod forced his mother to return to Cappadocia, leaving her children under the sole custody of Herod in Jerusalem. der Große (armenisch Տիգրան Մեծ / Tigran Metz, griechisch Τιγράνης; * um 140 v. However, the Armenian historians claim that the Romans lost the battle of Artaxata and Lucullus' following withdrawal from the Kingdom of Armenia in reality was an escape due to the above-mentioned defeat. The ceremonial of his court was of Achaemenid origin, and also incorporated Parthian aspects. She was the daughter of the King Archelaus of Cappadocia [6] and her mother was from Armenia,[7] possibly related to the Artaxiad Dynasty. [15] Artaxata became Tigranes' capital. [44] According to him, the rest had a different mother and were born before Tigranes became king. The Armenian-Roman wars are depicted in Alexandre Dumas' Voyage to the Caucasus. The "King of Kings" eventually came into direct contact with Rome. [29] Pompey first concentrated on attacking Mithridates while distracting Tigranes by engineering a Parthian attack on Gordyene. [43] The layout of his capital Tigranocerta was a blend of Greek and Iranian architecture. Tigranes I, the God, 121-96 BC. von Pontos stieg er für kurze Zeit zum mächtigsten Monarchen im östlichen Mittelmeerraum auf, wurde dann jedoch von … [16], Little is known about his reign of Armenia although some coinage has survived from his reign. Ancient History Encyclopedia - Tigranes the Great. Contrary to them other researchers, such as Manandian, Lang and Adalian consider him a real figure but differ or are uncertain on the exact dates of his reign. Tigranes II. Little is known about Tigranes' later life. After the death of Artavasdes IV, Augustus revised his foreign policy and appointed Tigranes as King of Armenia. [43] He had Greek rhetoricians and philosophers in his court, possibly as a result of the influence of his queen, Cleopatra. [22] Pheroras was his paternal great-uncle and a brother to Herod. This article is about a king of Armenia in the 1st century BC. During the First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC), Tigranes supported Mithridates VI of Pontus, but was careful not to become directly involved in the war. He also annexed northern Mesopotamia, and in the Caucasus the kings of Iberia (now Georgia) and Albania accepted his suzerainty. The pre-Islamic period", "Armeno-Iranian Relations in the pre-Islamic period", "Tigranu, the Crown Prince of Armenia": Evidence from the Babylonian Astronomical Diaries", "Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side", "Ancient Iranian Motifs and Zoroastrian Iconography", "Parchments of the Parthian Period from Avroman in Kurdistan", "Царствование Тиграна II Великого в Сирии: проблемы хронологии (The reign of Tigranes the Great in Syria: chronology problems )", "Царство Софена в восточной политике Помпея (The kingdom of Sophene in the eastern policy of Pompey)", "СВИДЕТЕЛЬСТВО ПОЗДНЕВАВИЛОНСКОЙ КЛИНОПИСНОЙ ХРОНИКИ ОБ АРМЕНИИ ВРЕМЕНИ ТИГРАНА II (An Evidence About Armenia of Tigran II' s Period in the Late-Babylonian Cuneiform Chronicle)", "Борьба за титул "царя царей" в контексте восточной политики Рима I века до н. э. [58], The phrase "sea to sea Armenia" (Armenian: ծովից ծով Հայաստան, tsovits tsov Hayastan) is a popular expression used by Armenians to refer to the kingdom of Tigranes which extended from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. This did not suit Tigranes, who wanted to create a centralist empire. Tigranes' treatment of the inhabitants (the majority of the population had been forced to move to the city) led disgruntled city guards to open the gates of the city to the Romans. [47] Sargsyan also proposed a possible candidate as Tigranes's first wife and the children's mother: Artaxiad princess Zaruhi, a daughter of Tigranes's paternal uncle Zariadres and granddaughter of Artaxias I. According to Roman historians Mithrobazanes, one of Tigranes' generals, told Tigranes of the Roman approach. über Großarmenien. Pompey allowed him to retain his kingdom shorn of his conquests as he planned to have Armenia as a buffer state[33][34] and he took 6,000 talents/180 tonnes of silver. [2] His younger brother was called Alexander[3] and he also had a younger sister. [24], Roman Client King of Armenia (16 BC-36 AD) (r. 6 AD-12 AD), acsearch.info ancient coin search engine: Kings of Armenia, Eisenman's "New Testament Code", Chapter 4, acsearch.info - ancient coin search engine: coinage information on Tigranes V & Tigranes VI, Marriage and Divorce in the Herodian Family: A Case Study of Diversity in Late Second Temple Judaism by Ingrid Johanne Moen Department of Religion in the Graduate School of Duke University, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tigranes_V_of_Armenia&oldid=980384764, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Millar, Fergus, Schürer, Emil, Vermes & Geza, The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C. He was succeeded by his son Artavasdes II. [43] Greek was also possibly spoken in the court. Thereafter, Tigranes began to enlarge his kingdom, first annexing the kingdom of Sophene (east of the upper Euphrates River). Im Bündnis mit Mithridates VI. (The struggle of Tigranes II against Roman expansion in Cappadocia)", "Tigrane en Syrie : un prince sans images", "Syrie romaine (70 av. Dans l'alliance qui fut alors conclus entre les deux souverains, Mithridates faisait un peu figure client de Tigran. [31] Tigranes decided not to meet the invasion in the field but instead ensured that his capital, Artaxata, was well defended and withdrew to the hill country. [52], In The Art of War (1521), Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli attributes Tigranes' military failure to his excessive reliance on his cavalry. [9][10] Tigranes ceded an area called "seventy valleys" in the Caspiane to Mithridates II, either as a pledge or because Mithridates II demanded it. He subjected to his authority the Atropatenians, and the Goryaeans (on the Upper Tigris); by force of arms he obtained possession also of the rest of Mesopotamia and, after crossing the Euphrates, of Syria and Phoenicea. The southern border of his domain reached as far as Ptolemais (modern Akko). [4] His nephew Tigranes VI served as a Roman Client King of Armenia during the reign of the Roman Emperor Nero. [24][25] After this defeat Tigranes withdrew north to Armenia to regroup which left Lucullus free to put Tigranocerta under siege.[26]. [5] His father Alexander was a Judean Prince and was a son of King of Judea Herod the Great and his wife Mariamne. The name Tigranes was the most common royal name in the Artaxiad Dynasty and was among the most ancient names of the Armenian Kings. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΜΕΓΑΛΟΥ ΤΙΓΡΑΝΟΥ ΘΕΟΥ Elephant, with raised trunk, walking slowly to left . By creating a stronger Hellenistic state, Mithridates was to contend with the well-established Roman foothold in Europe. до. Tigranes ceded an are In approximately 120 BC, the Parthian king Mithridates II (r. 124–91 BC) invaded Armenia and made its king Artavasdes I acknowledge Parthian suzerainty. J.-C.-73 apr. [47] He also considered likely that the reason for the rebellion of Tigranes's son Zariadres was the birth of Artavasdes who was declared the heir by virtue of being born to a king and not a prince. Tigranes and his brother remained under Herod's guardianship so he could be able to control their fates. [30] Phraates III, the Parthian king, was soon persuaded to take things a little further than an annexation of Gordyene when a son of Tigranes (also named Tigranes) went to join the Parthians and persuaded Phraates to invade Armenia in an attempt to replace the elder Tigranes with the Tigranes the Younger. Tigranes was the son or brother of Artavasdes I and a member of the dynasty founded in the early 2nd century by Artaxias. KINGS OF ARMENIA. Diademed and draped of Tigranes I to right, wearing tiara decorated with a star. The House Of Seleucus V2 by Edwyn Robert Bevan. Birley, Anatolica: studies in Strabo, Oxford University Press, 1995, A.E. With Lucullus' troops now refusing to obey his commands, but agreeing to defend positions from attack, the Senate sent Pompey to recall Lucullus to Rome and take over his command. Redgate, The Armenians, Wiley-Blackwell, 2000, R.G. [1] [11] Tigranes' daughter Ariazate had also married a son of Mithridates II, which has been suggested by the modern historian Edward Dąbrowa to have taken place shortly before he ascended the Armenian throne as a guarantee of his loyalty. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Tigranes II, more commonly known as Tigranes the Great (Armenian: Տիգրան Մեծ, Tigran Mets;[4] Ancient Greek: Τιγράνης ὁ Μέγας Tigránes ho Mégas; Latin: Tigranes Magnus)[5] (140 – 55 BC) was King of Armenia under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state to Rome's east. [32], In 66 BC, Pompey advanced into Armenia with Tigranes the Younger, and Tigranes, now almost 75 years old, surrendered. [50] It was possibly also a symbol of the bird of the deity Verethragna. Tigranes II The Great, Tigranes also spelled Tigran, orDikran, (born c. 140—died c. 55 bc), king of Armenia from 95 to 55 bc, under whom the country became for a short time the strongest state in the Roman East. [12] Archelaus sent Tigranes to live and be educated in Rome. Tigranes concluded (wrongly) that Nisibis would hold out and sought to regain those parts of Armenia that the Romans had captured. [50] Tigranes is a typical example of the mixed culture of his period. The recall of Lucullus gave some respite to Mithradates and Tigranes, but in the meantime a son of Tigranes, also called Tigranes, rebelled against him. In 12 AD, Erato and Tigranes were overthrown. [56], According to Razmik Panossian, Tigranes' short-lived empire has been a source of pride for modern Armenian nationalists. Tigranes' coins consist of tetradrachms and copper coins having on the obverse his portrait wearing a decorated Armenian tiara with ear-flaps. After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia in 88 BC, Tigranes took advantage of the fact that the Parthian Empire had been weakened by Scythian invasions and internal squabbling: When he acquired power, he recovered these (seventy) valleys, and devastated the country of the Parthians, the territory about Ninus (Nineveh), and that about Arbela. in the years 80-70 BC (Tigranes II and the troops from the banks of the Araxes)", "Тигранакертская битва в новом освещении (The battle of Tigranocerta in the new lighting)", "Процессы образования державы Тиграна II (The formation of the empire of Tigranes II)", "Борьба Тиграна против экспансии Рима в каппадокии 93-91 гг. Cicero, referring to his success in the east, said that he "made the Republic of Rome tremble before the prowess of his arms."[21]. [38][39] Appian also mentions an unnamed younger son who was executed for conspiring against Tigranes: he disregarded his father's health and wore Tigranes's crown (Tigranes having been injured during a hunting accident). The senate decided that Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who was then one of the consuls, would command the army against Mithridates. Tigranes was named in honour of his mother's Armenian and Hellenic lineage. Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians Tigranes as a hostage, who was either his son or nephew. [23] The charges brought against him by Tiberius in 36 AD are not known but it would seem that he did not survive them. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. … [7] Artavasdes I was forced to give the Parthians Tigranes as a hostage, who was either his son or nephew. [14] Tigranes was accompanied by Archelaus and Tiberius to Armenia, where he was installed as King at Artaxata. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as a formal ally of Rome until his death in 55/54,[34] at age 85. [37][42] Parchments of Avroman also mention his third daughter, Ariazate "Automa", who married Gotarzes I of Parthia. Under his reign, the Armenian kingdom expanded beyond its traditional boundaries, allowing Tigranes to claim the title Great King, and involving Armenia in many battles against opponents such as the Parthian and Seleucid empires, and the Roman Republic. Tigranes lived in the Parthian court at Ctesiphon, where he was schooled in Parthian culture. Few records have survived about his and his predecessor Artavasdes I's reign, which has led to some confusion. [57] Nevertheless, his empire was a multi-ethnic one. [43][50] The bird of prey was associated with the khvarenah, i.e. Tigranes had four sons and three daughters. Although Augustan propaganda depicted this as a famous victory, strategic considerations inevitably obliged the Parthians, once they settled their internal, dynastic dissensions, to dispute Roman control of Armenia. Tigranes V, also known as Tigran V [1] (Armenian: Տիգրան, Greek: Τιγράνης, 16 BC–36 AD) was a Herodian Prince who ruled as a Roman Client King of Armenia from 6 AD to 12 AD. Initially, Tigranes ruled Armenia as a sole ruler but the Armenian nobles were dissatisfied with this situation and restored Queen Erato back to the throne as Tigranes' co-ruler. (Тигран II и войска с берегов Аракса) International relations in the Near East. The interference of the two kings in Cappadocia (in eastern Asia Minor) was successfully countered by Roman intervention in 92 bc. Mithridates VI of Pontus had found refuge in Armenian land after confronting Rome, considering the fact that Tigranes was his ally and relative. [43], Over the course of his conquests, Tigranes founded four cities that bore his name, including the capital of Tigranocerta (Tigranakert). Tigranes ruled about 10 years longer over Armenia, as a Roman client-king, though he lost all his conquests except Sophene and Gordyene. [2] Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until c. 96/95 BC, when Mithridates II released him and appointed him as the king of Armenia. Tigranes the Great (Armenian: Տիգրան Մեծ (140–55 BC; also called Tigranes II and sometimes Tigranes I) was emperor of Armenia under whom the country became, for a short time, the strongest state east of the Roman Republic. [59][60], Illustration of Tigranes the Great in 1898 book Illustrated Armenia and the Armenians, 19th-century painting of Tigranes the Great. On October 6, 69 BC, Tigranes' much larger force was decisively defeated by the Roman army under Lucullus in the Battle of Tigranocerta. Frustrated by the rough terrain of Northern Armenia and seeing the worsening morale of his troops, Lucullus moved back south and put Nisibis under siege. Augustus kept Armenia as a client kingdom and appointed Vonones I of Parthia as King of Armenia.[19]. Tigranes remained a hostage at the Parthian court until c. 96/95 BC, when Mithridates II released him and appointed him as the king of Armenia. [43] Following the example of the Parthians, Tigranes adopted the title of Philhellene ("friend of the Greeks"). He was given as a hostage to the In 83 BC, after bloody strife for the throne of Syria, governed by the Seleucids, the Syrians decided to choose Tigranes as the protector of their kingdom and offered him the crown of Syria. kingly glory. A series of victories led him to assume the Achaemenid title of King of Kings, which even the Parthian kings did not assume, appearing on coins struck after 85 BC. Tigranes took the title “king of kings” and built a new royal city, Tigranocerta, on the borders of Armenia and Mesopotamia (the actual site is disputed), where he accumulated all his wealth and to which he transplanted the inhabitants of 12 Greek towns of Cappadocia, Cilicia, and Syria.
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