They inhabited the Greater Antilles (comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola [Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico) in the Caribbean Sea. [14] Taíno communities ranged from small settlements to larger centers of up to 3,000 people. Taylor, Patrick, and Frederick I. At the time of European contact, the Taíno were divided into several groups. For the language, see, Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. The early ethnohistorian Daniel Garrison Brinton referred to the Taíno people as the "Island Arawak", expressing their connection to the continental peoples. Deminán Caracaracol, a male cultural hero from whom the Taíno believed themselves to be descended, was worshipped as a zemí. Saunders, Nicholas J. 115 La « coutume moderne » imposée par le chef de canton et les chefs de village (chefferies administratives), introduit des éléments de gestion individuelle des terres et pousse à la négation des droits des nomades sur les pâturages des zones fluviales exondables lors de la décrue. Baltimore: U of Illinois, 2015. [39] Individuals and kinship groups that previously had some prestige and rank in the tribe began to occupy the hierarchical position that would give way to the cacicazgo. Historian David Stannard characterizes the encomienda as a genocidal system that "had driven many millions of native peoples in Central and South America to early and agonizing deaths. "[78] It would take some time before the Taíno revolted against their oppressors — both Indian and Spanish alike — and many military campaigns before Emperor Charles V eradicated the encomienda system as a form of slavery. [citation needed], Taíno women commonly wore their hair with bangs in front and longer in back, and they occasionally wore gold jewelry, paint, and/or shells. The cacique's power came from the number of villages he controlled and was based on a network of alliances related to family, matrimonial, and ceremonial ties. The Taíno were an indigenous people of the Caribbean. [94][95] Today, Taínos from places such as the diaspora in the United States and the islands, are gathering together. [33] Bohiques were extolled for their healing powers and ability to speak with deities. The ancestors of the Taíno originated on the South American continent. Les Taïnos étaient divisés en un grand nombre de cacicazgos ("zone d'un cacique") de dimension inégale, parfois tributaires d'autres cacicazgos. In addition to the guanín, the cacique used other artifacts and adornments to serve to identify his role. [Reprint] (1770)(Softcover) by Antoine Desgodets, Goupy and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. Estas costumbres fueron cuidadosamente estudiadas y reveladas al mundo por el etnologo cubano Jose Antonio Garcia Molina en su libro Huellas Vivas Del Indocubano, Habana: ( Editorial De Ciencias Sociales 2007 ). It was their duty to cure the sick, heal the wounded, and interpret the will of the gods in ways that would satisfy the expectations of the tribe. Comment ajouter mes sources ? [citation needed] For instance, when the colony of Jamaica was under the rule of Spain and known then as the colony of Santiago, both Taíno men and women fled to the Bastidas Mountains (currently known as the Blue Mountains). Le tabac était une des plantes les plus utilisées [lors de ces rituels]. [13], The ancestors of the Taíno originated on the South American continent. If you speak English, it would probably surprise you to know that many words you use every day (like canoe, hammock, and barbecue) came from a group of people who lived throughout the Caribbean in the late 1400s but who are essentially extinct today. Upon eating the bait, the fish were stunned, allowing boys time enough to collect them. [citation needed] This violence by the Spaniards was a reason why there was a decline in the Taíno population since it forced many of these people to emigrate to other islands and the mainland. Some examples are tunics of cotton and rare feathers, crowns and masks or "guaizas" of cotton with feathers; colored stones, shells or gold; cotton woven belts; and necklaces of snail beads or stones, with small masks of gold or other material. Many women whom the Spaniards called cacicas were not always rulers in their own right, but were mistakenly acknowledged as such because they were the wives of caciques. La principale activité économique des Taïnos était l'agriculture, pour laquelle ils effectuaient des semailles qu'ils appelaient conucos. [44] They were also expected to direct and manage the food production process. Old French law, referred to in French as l'Ancien Droit, was the law of the Kingdom of France until the French Revolution.In the north of France were the Pays de coutumes ('customary countries'), where customary laws were in force, while at the south were the Pays de droit écrit ('countries of written law'), where Roman law had remained paramount. These Taíno were accorded land and a charter from the royal administration. The Taíno played a ceremonial ball game called batey. En 1907, Fewkes étudia les idoles tainas et aboutit à la conclusion suivante : les Taïnos croyaient en deux êtres surnaturels appelés cemies qui étaient les géniteurs des autres. This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 20:48. [38], Some words that they used, such as barbacoa ("barbecue"), hamaca ("hammock"), kanoa ("canoe"), tabaco ("tobacco"), yuca, batata ("sweet potato"), and juracán ("hurricane"), have been incorporated into Spanish and English. Christopher Columbus seeks a shorter sea route to India to … "Les becs d'inriris entrecroisés" symbole masculin désignant un objet appartement à un cacique. [99], Communities of indigenous people of Taino descent have survived in isolated parts of eastern Cuba (including parts of Yateras and Baracoa) into the present, who preserve cultural practices of Taino origin. Cinquante ans après le début de la colonisation, en vertu des raisons évoquées précédemment, ils avaient quasiment tous disparus. Less important crops such as corn were raised in simple clearings created by slash and burn technique. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. Ils fabriquaient divers types d’objets tel le hamac qu'ils appelaient coy. [83][81] Because of the increased number of people (Spanish) on the island, there was a higher demand for food. [46], The practice of polygamy enabled the cacique to have women and create family alliances in different localities, thus extending his power. Once the most numerous indigenous people of the Caribbean, the Taino may have numbered one or two million at … Le mot cacique, par exemple, contient la syllabe ca de cauni, or car le cacique représentait le pouvoir solaire du dieu du feu; bohique tient ses origines de boa, coa ou toa, et de la maison rectangulaire, le bohio, associée à la moitié serpent de la tribu, en son ordre relevant du principe de dualité. Il semble être avéré que le cycle mythologique du Popol Vuh exerça une forte influence aux Antilles. Le monde taïno était divisé en quatre parties et un centre que gouvernaient respectivement le soleil et son jumeau Guatauba, tous deux fils du Dieu Yocahú, créateur des montagnes et du feu. Women's Roles in Latin America and the Caribbean. plus un état en apanage à la puissance dominante de l'île : le Maguana pourrait expliquer la raison pour laquelle le roi de ce dernier état "Caonabo" se permettait de se déplacer librement avec son armée sur toute l'ile au mépris du pouvoir de tous ses voisins. When a male heir did not exist, the inheritance or succession would go to the oldest male child of the sister of the deceased. nécessaire]. [58] After communal bread was served, first to the zemí, then to the cacique, and then to the common people, the people would sing the village epic to the accompaniment of maraca and other instruments. Les caciques taïnos reçurent pacifiquement les conquistadors, en les considérant, à l'instar de tant d'autres peuples des Amériques, comme des dieux venus du ciel. [62] Hatuey, a Taíno chieftain who had fled from Hispaniola to Cuba with 400 natives to unite the Cuban natives, was burned at the stake on February 2, 1512. Il ne pouvait pas donc avoir vu passer les bateaux espagnols qui s'étaient contentés de longer la côte Nord d'Ouest en Est. Le terrain de pelote se dit "Batu". La parenté de traits de la mythologie taïno avec celle des Mayas inclut l'idée fondamentale de la dualité des démiurges : Yocahú, le père et Guabancex, la mère serpent, dont l'accouplement préside le cycle solaire. La situation précoloniale des Caraïbes reste un objet d'étude mal connu. Les Taïnos ignoraient les notions de propriété privée et d'État. Generally It is classified by Habanos SA in their Other category of portfolio brands. Les habits des Taïnos étaient pauvres, en partie à cause du climat peu rigoureux. Un groupe de ces êtres surnaturels, los cemies, représentaient les ancêtres du clan. Linguists continue to debate whether the Carib language is an Arawakan dialect or creole language. Segons els documents de l’època, van desembarcar en una illa del Carib anomenada Guanahani, la localització de la qual encara ara no s’ha acabat de determinar. [citation needed], One Taíno oral tradition explains that the Sun and Moon come out of caves. Caciques were advised by priests/healers known as bohiques. Taíno society was based on a matrilineal system and descent was traced through the mother. Ramón Pané (es), moine qui entre 1494 et 1498 vécut parmi les Taïnos de Saint-Domingue, interprète la religion des Taïnos à travers ses propres croyances: Yocahú (le père créateur) vit au ciel, c'est un être immortel que personne ne peut voir, et bien qu'il ait une mère il n'y a pas de début à son existence. [43], The chiefs had both temporal and spiritual functions. Taino, Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Columbus’s exploration inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Please read the. This system of labor was part of the encomienda. If this tribute was not brought, the Spanish cut off the hands of the Taíno and left them to bleed to death. Before certain ceremonies, Taínos would purify themselves, either by inducing vomiting (with a swallowing stick) or by fasting. [98], While the scholar Yolanda Martínez-San Miguel sees the development of the Neo-Taino movement in Puerto Rico as a useful counter to the domination of the island by the United States and the Spanish legacies of island society, she also notes that the Neo-Taino movement in Puerto Rico "could be seen as a useless anachronistic reinvention of a 'Boricua coqui' identity. Taíno cultivation was converted to Spanish methods. Cuba was divided into 29 chiefdoms. Cette pratique pouvait se justifier parce que ne pas avoir d'enfants (ou de fils) était une honte chez les Taïnos. Il subsiste des Taïnos à Porto Rico. Qui dériverait de Kanibe ou Karibe, ethnonyme désignant les ennemis des Taïnos. But, since about 1840, activists have worked to create a quasi-indigenous Taíno identity in rural areas of Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico. [citation needed], At the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492, there were five Taíno chiefdoms in Hispaniola, each led by a principal cacique (chief), to whom tribute was paid. Ce mythe correspond à l'aventure des jumeaux héroïques décrite dans le Popol-Vuh : le livre sacré du peuple maya K'iche. On November 19, 1493, Christopher Columbus on his second trip discovered the island of Puerto Rico that has inhabited by an aboriginal tribe that he called “Indians” because he thought he had discovered India. Cependant, suite aux mauvais traitements qu'ils reçurent des nouveaux arrivants, les caciques organisèrent leurs forces et rejetèrent leurs agresseurs qui avaient pour but de les asservir. Sa mère, déesse existant depuis toujours également, possède différents noms : Atabex, Yermaoguacar, Apito et Zuimaco. Info. Enfin, on peut citer comme explication les guerres constantes contre les Caraïbes qui diminuaient le nombre d'hommes disponibles. Some groups of people currently identify as Taíno, most notably among Puerto Ricans, Dominicans, and Cubans, both on the Caribbean islands themselves and on the United States mainland. [56] Zemí petroglyphs were carved on rocks in streams, ball courts, and on stalagmites in caves. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 29 mars 2021 à 08:21. [90] Reséndez says that "slavery has emerged as a major killer" of the indigenous people of the Caribbean. [93], A genetic study published in 2018 provided some evidence of a present-day Caribbean population being related to the Taínos. [41], The Taino society, as described by the Spanish chroniclers, was composed of four social classes: the cacique, the nitaínos, the behiques, and the naborias. [40] The Taíno founded settlements around villages and organized their chiefdoms, or cacicazgos, into a confederation. [82], In thirty years, between 80% and 90% of the Taíno population died. The Classic Taíno lived in Hispaniola and Puerto Rico, while the Eastern Taíno lived in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles. Cemí pictographs were found on secular objects such as pottery, and on tattoos. [22], At the 2010 U.S. census, 1,098 people in Puerto Rico identified as "Puerto Rican Indian," 1,410 identified as "Spanish American Indian," and 9,399 identified as "Taíno." They were expected to ensure the welfare of the tribe and to protect it from harm from both natural and supernatural forces. On les trouve surtout dans le quartier de las Indieras de la municipalité de Maricao, au centre-est de l'île. Taíno activists have created two unique writing scripts. They love their neighbours as themselves, and they have the sweetest talk in the world, and are gentle and always laughing. There were 60,000 people living on this island [when I arrived in 1508], including the Indians; so that from 1494 to 1508, over three million people had perished from war, slavery and the mines. Similarly, "Island Taíno" has been used to refer to those living in the Windward Islands only, to the northern Caribbean inhabitants only, as well as to the indigenous population of all the Caribbean islands. Influences culturelles croisées des Taïnos, Vocables de la langue française provenant de la langue taïno, « Le cemi est le seigneur du monde, du ciel et de la terre. The crew were allowed to take any woman they wanted for whatever purpose. Fields for important root crops, such as the staple yuca, were prepared by heaping up mounds of soil, called conucos. Western Taíno groups included the Lucayan of the Bahamas, the Ciboney of central Cuba, and the inhabitants of Jamaica. Opposing teams had 10 to 30 players per team and used a solid rubber ball. Vous pouvez aider en ajoutant des références ou en supprimant le contenu inédit. If playback doesn't begin shortly, try restarting your device. [92] Groups advocating this point of view are known as Neo-Taínos, and are established in the Puerto Rican communities located in New Jersey and New York, as well. [15] Since the late 20th century, most scholars believe that infectious diseases that had long been endemic among the Europeans from the Old World caused the majority of deaths, as these were new to the Native Americans and they had no acquired immunity to them. These efforts are known as the "Taíno restoration", a revival movement for Taíno culture that seeks official recognition of the survival of the Taíno people. Los taínos eran un pueblo que ocupaba las antillas mayores (puerto rico , republica dominicana haiti y cuba). On sait par ailleurs que Caonabo entretenait également des rapports politiques étroits avec les deux derniers royaumes de l'île puisqu'il était marié avec la sœur du roi de Xaragua (le roi Bohéchio) et disposait aussi de liens matrimoniaux avec la cour du Higüey. L'organisation politique en castes dominantes et laborieuses se calque également sur l'organisation quadripartite de la société maya classique. Son nom taïno était Yokahuma (Huma=lune). [citation needed], Taínos believed that Jupias, the souls of the dead, would go to Coaybay, the underworld, and there they rest by day. Dans les musées de Porto Rico et de Saint-Domingue, on peut admirer une grande quantité de ces étranges idoles, les cemíes, dont la forme a suscité parmi les ufologues les croyances et spéculations les plus folles. [29][32], Taíno society was divided into two classes: naborias (commoners) and nitaínos (nobles). La société taïno se divisait environ en cinq royaumes contrôlés par des caciques, à qui elle payait des tributs. The Taínos are a subgroup of the Arawak Indians. When Taíno men were away fighting intervention from other groups, women assumed the roles of primary food producers or ritual specialists. L'Organisation Du Travail Selon La Coutume Des Ateliers Et La Loi Du Decalogue: Avec Un Precis D'Observations Comparees Sur La Distinction Du Bien Et: Le Play, Frederic: Amazon.com.tr [61] These cruel practices inspired many revolts by the Taíno and campaigns against the Spanish — some being successful, some not. le Higüey à l'est (« Esprit du soleil » en taïno) ; le Xaragua au sud (« Le grand lac », c'est-à-dire le. Women lived in village groups containing their children. Les Espagnols trouvèrent les hommes couverts avec un simple taparrabos (cache-sexe), et les femmes mariées avec un pagne de paille, de coton ou de feuilles nommées naguas. According to an early 20th-century Smithsonian study, these alliances showed unity of the indigenous communities in a territory;[45] they would band together as a defensive strategy to face external threats, such as the attacks by the Caribs on communities in Puerto Rico. La coutume des ancêtres: Renel, Charles: Amazon.com.tr Çerez Tercihlerinizi Seçin Alışveriş deneyiminizi geliştirmek, hizmetlerimizi sunmak, müşterilerin hizmetlerimizi nasıl kullandığını anlayarak iyileştirmeler yapabilmek ve ilgi alanlarına göre özelleştirilmiş reklamlar … 1. The nitaínos functioned as sub-caciques in villages, overseeing the work of naborias. Les cemíes possédaient des pouvoirs sur l'Homme en ce qu'ils contenaient les esprits régissant les activités humaines. Les chamanes ou "Bohique" ou encore "Bohiti" avaient obligation de pratiquer le jeûne et l'abstinence avant toute cérémonie de divination. Merry Christmas! Other fruits and vegetables, such as palm nuts, guavas, and Zamia roots, were collected from the wild. These houses, built surrounding the central plaza, could hold 10–15 families each. Iberostar Tainos, Küba Resim: Vue du Tainos à partir de la tour des chambres de l'hôtel - Tripadvisor üyelerinin 7438 gerçek Iberostar Tainos fotoğrafına ve videosuna bakın. Ils décoraient leur corps de tatouages religieux pour se protéger des mauvais esprits, et ornaient leurs oreilles et lèvres avec de l'or, de l'argent, des pierres, os ou coquillages. [31] In Puerto Rico, 21st-century studies have shown that a high proportion of people have Amerindian mtDNA. De nombreux historiens considèrent que l'ethnie disparut du fait du génocide[6] commis par les Européens durant la conquête de la région, ou des maladies introduites par les colons. Le mariage coutume saisonnière. Ceremonies where the deeds of the ancestors were celebrated, called areitos, were performed here.[35]. ABSTRACT. Malgré leur quasi-disparition au XVIe siècle, beaucoup[évasif] d'Antillais, plus particulièrement des Cubains, Haïtiens, Portoricains et Dominicains, continuent de se considérer comme Taïnos. The study's authors write that this demonstrates continuity between pre-contact populations and present-day Latino populations in the Caribbean. The Taíno believed that everyone living in their islands should eat properly. De retour vendredi 27 décembre ! Originea amerindienilor taino este confuză și controversată, dacă ne referim la studiul obiceiurilor și tradițiilor lor. Ils chassaient de petits rongeurs, des iguanes, quelques variétés d'oiseaux et de serpents, ils pêchaient à l'hameçon, aux filets, ou avec du poison, etc. Dans ces trois dernières, cette galette se nomme Kassav). [69], Early population estimates of Hispaniola, probably the most populous island inhabited by Taínos, range from 10,000 to 1,000,000 people. A direct translation of the word "Taíno" signified "men of the good". [85][86] By 1507, their numbers had shrunk to 60,000. He was punished by being turned into stone, or a bird, a frog, or a reptile, depending on interpretation of the myth. [42] Every individual living in the Taíno society had a task to do. Les armes modernes des conquistadors (arquebuses, arbalètes, canons), leurs plastrons et armures, furent les clefs d'une lutte inégale qui mena à la défaite des caciques taïnos.[réf. The police des vins were a set of codes and business practices set up in the 13th and 14th century that govern the wine trade within the region of Bordeaux and the use of its port by neighboring areas. He concludes that, even though the Spanish were aware of deadly diseases such as smallpox, there is no mention of them in the New World until 1519, meaning perhaps they didn't spread as fast as initially believed, and that unlike Europeans, the indigenous populations were subjected to slavery, exploitation, and forced labor in gold and silver mines on an enormous scale. [25][full citation needed] The Taíno people, or Taíno culture, has been classified by some authorities as belonging to the Arawak. [65] Since they lived separately from men, they were able to decide when they wanted to participate in sexual contact. He was the spirit of cassava, the zemi of cassava – the Taínos' main crop – and the sea. The Taíno creation story says that they emerged from caves in a sacred mountain on present-day Hispaniola. The Taíno were the most culturally advanced of the Arawak group to settle in what is now Puerto Rico. Taíno groups came into conflict with the Island Caribs of the southern Lesser Antilles. Games on the batey are believed to have been used for conflict resolution between communities. Those in Puerto Rico and Hispaniola were the largest, and those in the Bahamas were the smallest. Ils confectionnaient entre autres des paniers, des poteries en céramique, ils sculptaient le bois, fabriquaient des filets et travaillaient l'or, abondant dans les cours d'eau de Porto Rico. [34], The Taíno lived in settlements called yucayeques, which varied in size depending on the location. The Taíno had avunculocal post-marital residence, meaning a newly married couple lived in the household of the maternal uncle. Learn how and when to remove these template messages, personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Taíno were written off as extinct. Introduction Ils ont ete engages dans l exploitation Les tainos etaient le groupe ethnique qui a developpe la premiere culture sur l ile et les premieres incursions aux antilles, C est la culture que Christophe Colomb a decouvert en arrivent sur l ile en 1492. [citation needed] Chiefs were chosen from the nitaínos and generally obtained their power from the maternal line. [47] Behiques dealt with negotiating with angry or indifferent gods as the accepted lords of the spiritual world. The men lived separately. [67] Potentially, this meant Taíno women could make important choices for the village and could assign tasks to tribe members. [citation needed]. [37] The Classic Taíno played in the village's center plaza or on especially designed rectangular ball courts called batey. Before carrying out these functions, the behiques performed certain cleansing and purifying rituals, such as fasting for several days and inhaling sacred tobacco snuff. [16][17], Columbus was surprised by the civility of the Taíno people. [42] Either people were hunting, searching for food, or doing other productive tasks. Then they would grind the roots into flour for baking bread. L'arbre de cohoba était utilisé au cours d'une cérémonie religieuse "le rituel de la cohoba" où le cacique, le bohique et les nitaìnos entraient en contact avec les esprits. After their first interaction, Columbus described the Taínos as a physically tall, well-proportioned people, with a noble and kind personality. [76] Under the pretense of searching for gold and other materials,[77] many Spaniards took advantage of the regions now under control of the anaborios and Spanish encomenderos to exploit the native population by seizing their land and wealth. The Taíno culture as documented developed on the Caribbean islands. When the bones turned into fish, the gourd broke, and all the water of the world came pouring out. One method was to hook a remora, also known as a suckerfish, to a line secured to a canoe and wait for the fish to attach itself to a larger fish or even a sea turtle. [citation needed] [6][failed verification] Some scholars, such as Jalil Sued Badillo, an ethnohistorian at the University of Puerto Rico, assert that although the official Spanish histories speak of the disappearance of the Taíno as an ethnic identification, many survivors left descendants – usually by intermarrying with other ethnic groups. [66] Women seem to have participated in all levels of the Taíno political hierarchy, occupying roles as high up as being cazicas. [4] DNA evidence shows that a large proportion of the current populations of the Greater Antilles have Taíno ancestry, with 61% of Puerto Ricans, up to 30% of Dominicans, and 33% of Cubans having mitochondrial DNA of Taíno origin.